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He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan. Musa expanded the borders of the Mali Empire, in particular incorporating the cities of Gao and Timbuktu into its territory. Under Mansa Ms, Timbuktu grew to be a very important commercial city having caravan connections with Egypt and with all other important trade centres in North Africa. The child of this marriage received the first name of his mother (Sogolon) and the surname of his father (Djata). He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. The city's water supply was a leading cause to its successes in trade. Kangaba, the de facto capital of Manden since the time of the last emperor, became the capital of the northern sphere. Eventually, due to Muhammad's failure to return, Musa was recognized as mansa.[89]. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History. [104] He would only reign a year before a descendant of Mansa Gao Keita removed him.[70]. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. [39], The identity of the capital city of the Mali Empire is a matter of dispute among historians. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manding. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. [57][58] Having run out of money, Musa and his entourage were forced to borrow money and re-sell much of what they had purchased while in Cairo before the hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants, such as Siraj al-Din. [102] It seems quite possible that an exodus of the inhabitants took place at this juncture and the importance of the city was not revived until the rise of the Songhai empire. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. [16], Al-Yafii gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abi al-Aswad (Arabic: , romanized:Ms ibn Ab Bakr ibn Ab al-Aswad),[17] and Ibn Hajar gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr Salim al-Takruri. [98] Musa's hajj, and especially his gold, caught the attention of both the Islamic and Christian worlds. The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever exist. There is some ambiguity over the identity of the mansa responsible for the voyages. The family tree of Mansa Musa. In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. They tell of his hardships as a boy before he came to the throne. 1312 is the most widely accepted by modern historians. [114] However, the Songhai do not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. . He had first-hand information from several sources, and from a second-hand source, he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa. The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". Traveling from his capital of Niani on the upper Niger River to Walata (Oualta, Mauritania) and on to Tuat (now in Algeria) before making his way to Cairo, Mansa Ms was accompanied by an impressive caravan consisting of 60,000 men including a personal retinue of 12,000 enslaved persons, all clad in brocade and Persian silk. Captivation History summarizes Mansa Musa's story from his ancestors to his descendants as they reigned over the Mali Empire beginning in the 1300s. Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kant. Musa is reported to have reigned for 25 years, and different lines of evidence suggest he died either. Your email address will not be published. Musa's reign is often regarded as the zenith of Mali's power and prestige. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. His religious devotion contributed to the spread of Islam across West Africa. Mansa Musa developed cities like Timbuktu and Gao into important cultural centers. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely . [75] When the campaigning was done, his empire extended 1,000 miles (1,600km) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger rivers respectively. [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. to 1337 C.E. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley, camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan. . Mans third spouse tells court he was a despot, Woman describes treatment in Aguanga torture trial, Social worker: Children in torture case appeared happy, healthy, Calif. torture trial airs family horror stories, Polygamist who tortured his family is sentenced to 7 life terms, Aguanga man to serve seven life sentences, Emerging from a notorious hell of abuse to counsel others, Laura Cowan, Mansa Musa Muhummed: Sex, Torture, Beatings In Muslim Cult, Former Polygamy Wife Speaks Out On Justice By Any Means. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. What did Ms I do when he returned to Mali? At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws and customs. [93] Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani. In the 1450s, Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast. Between 1324 - 1325, Mansa Musa . [72], According to Niane's version of the epic, during the rise of Kaniaga, Sundiata of the Keita clan was born in the early 13th century. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Mansa Musa was very wealthy and religious man who went on his Hajj for religious reasons and to also help people from his empire make the holy trip to Mecca for the god Allah. The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. The Gao mosque was built of burnt bricks, which had not, until then, been used as a material for building in West Africa. [citation needed] The northern region on the other hand had no shortage of salt. However, his riches are only one part of his legacy, and he is also remembered for his Islamic faith, promotion of scholarship, and patronage of culture in Mali. King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. After the victory, King Soumaoro disappeared, and the Mandinka stormed the last of the Sosso cities. . Swords were drawn, but before the situation escalated further, Musa persuaded his men to back down. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. 6. During this period, there was an advanced level of urban living in the major centers of Mali. Inside the world's wealthiest", "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) | National Geographic Society", "The 25 richest people who ever lived inflation adjusted", "Civilization VI the Official Site | News | Civilization VI: Gathering Storm Mansa Musa Leads Mali", International Journal of African Historical Studies, "Searching for History in The Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli", "chos d'Arabie. [105][106] Three years later, Oualata also fell into their hands. In his lifetime and beyond, he was known for his extravagant wealth and spending, funded by his kingdom's vast salt and gold mines. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday. The organization and smooth administration of a purely African empire, the founding of the University of Sankore, the expansion of trade in Timbuktu, the architectural innovations in Gao, Timbuktu, and Niani and, indeed, throughout the whole of Mali and in the subsequent Songhai empire are all testimony to Mansa Mss superior administrative gifts. The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. "[42], Early European writers such as Maurice Delafosse believed that Niani, a city on what is now the border between Guinea and Mali, was the capital for most of the empire's history, and this notion has taken hold in the popular imagination. In 1324, while staying in Cairo during his hajj, Mansa Musa, the ruler of the Mali Empire, told an Egyptian official whom he had befriended that he had come to rule when his predecessor led a fleet in an attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean and never returned. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Contemporary sources claim 60 copper bars traded for 100 dinars of gold. Mansa Musa eventually gained the throne owing to a strange sequence of events that turned in his favor. According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. [26] Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. Musa I (c. 1280 - 1337), better known as Mansa Musa, was the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire.Widely considered to have been the wealthiest person in known history (some sources measuring his wealth at around $400 billion adjusted to inflation), his vast wealth was used to attract scholars, merchants and architects to Mali, establishing it as a beacon of Islamic trade, culture and learning. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. Masuta the Descended is a miniboss in The Shadow Reef. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. The Mansa led the second expedition himself, and appointed Musa as his deputy to rule the empire until he returned. He brought back with him descendants of Mohammed, Islamic scholars, and architect Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who went on to create the Djinguereber mosque. Mali flourished especially when Timbuktu came under Mansa Musa's control. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa. [111] This envoy from the Portuguese coastal port of Elmina arrived in response to the growing trade along the coast and Mali's now urgent request for military assistance against Songhai. Mss rule defined the golden age of Mali. The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkrumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[70] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[77] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon. While this was probably an exaggeration, it is known that during his pilgrimage to Mecca one of his generals, Sagmandia (Sagaman-dir), extended the empire by capturing the Songhai capital of Gao. Al-Qalqashandi quotes al-'Umari as spelling it.